The period from de 1970s through the 1980s witnessed a major paradigma shift in language teaching. The quest for alternatives to grammar-based approaches and methods led in several different directions. Mainstream language teaching embraced the growing interest in communicative approaches to language teaching. Alternative approaches and methods of the 1970s and 1980s have had a somewhat varied history, but each can be seen as stressing important dimensions of the teaching-learning process. Mark the item which represents an alternative approach or method.